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The Pronoun The pronoun is a part of speech, which points out objects and their qualities without naming them. Pronouns fall under the following groups: I) Personal pronouns: /, he, she, it, we, you, they. .2) Possessive pronouns: my, his, her, its, our, your, their. 3) Reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. 4) Demonstrative pronouns: this (these), that (those), such, (the) same. 5) Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another. 6) Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, what, which. 7) Indefinite pronouns: some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone. 8) Negative pronouns: no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing. 9) Definite pronouns: each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another. 10) Relative pronouns: who, whose, which, that, as. I1) Conjunctive pronouns: who, whose, which, what. Some pronouns have the grammatical categories of person and gender (personal and possessive pronouns), case:
Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives Subject and Object Pronouns Subject pronouns
Object pronouns
- The subject is the person or thing doing the action: I left early. She went home. We said goodbye. - The object is the person or thing receiving the action: She telephoned me. I hit him. We saw her. Practice У. Put the correct object pronoun into each gap. Model: My sister has a new car, but she doesn't like it. 1. He has two sons. He plays football with ... in his free time. 2. That's my dictionary. Can I have ... back, please? 3. Ben's new teacher is Mr Banks. Ben likes ... a lot. 4. Jane and I are good students, so our teacher likes .... 5. Our teacher gives ... a lot of homework. 6. Kate likes Joanna, but Maria doesn't like ... at all. 7. She buys a newspaper everyday and reads ... on the train 8. Look! This is a photo of ... my family. 9. Sally lives near Peter and Mary. She goes to work with ... every day in their car.
4. Write the correct pronouns for these sentences. 1. ... telephoned yesterday, (she) She telephoned yesterday. 2. We watched ... for hours, (he) We watched him for hours. 3. Hasn't... arrived yet? (she) 4. ... don't understand. (I) 5. Are you talking to... ? (I) 6. Don't ask ... : ... doesn't know, (she/she) 7. This is Julia: ... have known ... for years, (we/she) 8. Nobody told ... the bus was leaving, (they) 9. Why didn't... ask ... to come? (she/they) 10. Don't ask ...: ask... . (I/he) 11. ... think ... doesn't like .... (I/he/I) 12. ... asked ... to invite .... (they/he/we) 5. Write the correct adjectives for these sentences: 1. These are ... parents. (I) These are my parents. 2. I've got... watch, (he) 3. Is this ... car? (you) 4. Do they like ... new house? (she) 5. Have you met... teacher? (their) 6. Who's got ... money? (I) 7. I don't like ... teacher, (we) 8. Have you got ... passport? (you) 9. He forgot... keys, (he) 10. They changed ... Hotel, (they) 11. She gave the letter to ... secretary, (she) 12. There's something wrong with ... car. (I) 13. They're having a party in ... garden, (they) 14. Where's... pen? (I) 15. I like ... jacket, (you) 6. Rewriting a text. Read the text about Keiko Wilson. It's not very natural. Which nouns can you replace with pronouns or possessive adjectives ? Underline them. Rewrite the text to make it more natural. Keiko Wilson is Japanese, but Keiko lives in New-York because Keiko is married to an American. Keiko is an interpreter. Keiko lives in New York because New York is interesting, but Keiko's husband, Walter, doesn't like New York. Walter wants to leave and live in the country. Keiko and Walter have two children. Walter takes the two children and the two children's dog out of the city in Walter's free time. Walter and the children go walking in summer and skiing in winter, but Keiko doesn't go with Walter and the children because Keiko doesn't have any free time. 7. Talk about profession. Use the possessive pronouns: hers, yours, their, ours to show that something belongs to somebody. Model A: They, your tests —- No, they are not our tests. - Whose are those tests? Are they yours? Model B: It, her picture —. No, it's not their picture. - Whose is that picture? Is it hers? Prompts: 1. They, your notes. 2. It, his tie. 3. They, my tickets. 4. It, her dog. 5. They, our spoons. 6. They, my shirts. 1. It, their car. 8. It, his exercise-book. 9. My dictation, their. 10. Our lecturer, your. 11. His composition, mine. 8. Write the correct adjective or pronoun for these sentences. 1. Whose camera is this? Is it ... ? (you) Whose camera is this? Is it yours? 2. Excuse me, those are ... seats, (we) Excuse me, those are our seats. 3. Is it ... suitcase or ... ? (you/he) Is it your suitcase or his? 4. Has the dog ... food? (it) 5. They're not ... keys - they're .... (I/she) 6. I don't think it's ... room; think, it's ... . (you/they) I. The police asked me for ... address. (I) 8. Have you got ... pen, or would you like to borrow ... ? (you/I) 9. ... garden is bigger than .... (they/we) 10. I think this is ... book. Oh, no, it's .... (I/you) I1. The decision is .... (they) 12. The cat wants ... dinner, (it) 13. You know it's not... money. It's .... (you/I) 14. It isn't... car. It's ... . (he/she) 15. It wasn't... a mistake, it was .... (I/they) 16. Have you met... mother? (they) 17. ... parents say the garden is .... (she/they) 18. ... brother thinks the car is .... (I/we) 19. ... car wasn't working, so I used .... (I/he) 20. ... house is smaller than .... (we/they) Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns The reflexive pronouns are: singular myself/ yourself (one person) / himself/ herself / itself plural ourselves / yourselves (more than one person / themselves) Study this example. George cut himself when he was shaving this morning. We use myself, himself, yourself etc., when the subject and the object are the same. Some more examples: I don't want you to pay for me. I'll pay for myself. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself very much. Compare: It's not our fault. You can't blame us. It's our own fault. We blame ourselves. NOTE: We do not use myself / yourself etc. after bring / take something with...: It might rain. I'll take an umbrella with me. (not with myself) We do not use myself etc. after concentrate feel, relax, meet...: You must try and concentrate. - Do you feel nervous? - Yes, I can't relax. We naturally use wash, shave, dress without myself etc. We got up washed, shaved and dressed. We also use myself/yourself and etc. in another way as emphatic pronouns. For example: - Who repaired your bicycle for you? - Nobody. I have done it myself. Here myself is used to emphasize I (=it makes it stronger). I'm not going to do it for you. You can do it yourself. (= you, not me) The film itself wasn't very good but I liked the music. Practice /. Complete each sentence using myself/yourself etc. with one of these verbs (in the correct form): blame burn cut enjoy express hurt put 1. George cut himself while he was shaving this morning. 2. Bill fell down some steps but fortunately he didn't .. badly. 3. It isn't her fault. She really shouldn't.... 4. Please try and understand how I feel ... in my position 5. They had a great time. They really .... 6. Be careful! This pan is really hot. Don't.... 7. Sometimes I can't say exactly what I mean. I wish I could ... better. 2 Put in myself/yourself/ourselves etc. or me/you/us etc. 1. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself. 2. It's not my fault. You can't blame .... 3. What I did was wrong. I'm ashamed of ... . 4. We've got a problem. I hope you can help .... 5. "Can I take another biscuit?" - "Of course. Help ... !" 6. Take some money with ... in case you need it. 7. Don't worry about Tom and me. We can look after .... 8. I gave them a key to our house so they could let... in. 9. When they come to visit us, they always bring their dog with them. 3. Complete these sentences. Use myself/yourself etc. only where necessary. Use one of these verbs (in the correct form): concentrate defend dry feel meet relax shave wash 1. Martin decided to grow a beard because he was fed up with shaving. 2. I wasn't very well yesterday but I... much better today. 3. She climbed out of the swimming pool and ... with a towel. 4. I tried to study but I just couldn' t... . 5. If somebody attacks you, you need to be able to .... 6. I'm going out with Chris this evening. We're ... at the station at 7.30. 7. You're always rushing around. Why don't you sit down and ... ? 8. There was no water so we couldn't .... 4. Complete these answers for the questions using myself I yourself/itsel/etc. 1- Who repaired the bicycle for you? Nobody. I repaired 2. Did Bryan have his hair cut by a hairdresser? it myself. No. He cut ... 3. Do you want to post that letter for you?. No. I'll .... 4. Who told you that Linda was getting Linda .... married? 5. Can you phone John for me? Why can't you ... ? 5. Say that people do something themselves. Use the emphatic pronouns. Model: to make Mary's bed. -----^-Who makes Mary's bed? - She makes it herself. Prompts: 1. To clean the flat for Mr and Mrs Brimby. 2. To do Ann's shopping. 3. To get Walter's tickets for him. 4. To cook Mr and Mrs Rumboll's meals. 5. To type Andrew's letters. 6. To wash the children. 7. To feed the dog. 8. To shave Henry. 9. To tie your tie. 10. To buy food for us. 11. To turn the computer off. 12. To make pies for us. 13. To clean your shoes. 14. To cut Irene's hair. 6. Express surprise. Model: to translate an article for John ^ I translated an article for John. - Didn't he translate it himself? Prompts: 1. To buy an evening paper for Mike. 2. To finish the exercise for Kate. 3. To collect stamps for Barbara. 4. To wash a blouse for Alise. 5. To compose a poem for Anthony. 6. To borrow books for your roommates. 7. To mark dictations for you. 8. Mr. and Mrs. Westley, to make jam for us. 9. To clean windows for you. 10. To cut cheese for your boys. 11. To write a lecture for Mr Linck. 12. To grow flowers for your pupils. 13. Ray and Rose, to boil eggs for our salad. Indefinite Pronouns
- some is used in positive sentences: a) with plural countable nouns: Some people arrived. I'd like a loaf and some eggs, please. b) with uncountable nouns: I bought some milk. I'd like some water, please. - any is used like some, but in negative sentences and questions: a) with plural countable nouns: Did any people arrive? I didn't buy any eggs. b) with uncountable nouns: Did you buy any milk? I didn't have any water. - some is used in offers: Would you like some coffee? Would you like some tea?
Note: We use any to talk about one person or thing (but it doesn 't matter which one) from the large indefinite number. Any poem - it doesn't matter which poem, any poem you like. Practice 1. Read the advertisement. April Cottage, Devon This lovely cottage is 500 years old. It is in the country, one mile from the village ofParkham Cross, where there is a Post Office and a small shop. There are some very good pubs and restaurants in the area. The cottage has a big garden with flowers and trees, where children can play safely. There are two double bedrooms, a bathroom, and a toilet. The living room has traditional and antique furniture, and_an open fire. Phone № 0984 6552 .Color TV~ electric cooker - sea three miles away Complete the sentences about April Cottage with some, any, a, or an. Model: Is there a garden? a) There are ... good restaurants in the area. b) The village of Parkham Cross has ... post office and ... shop. c) Are there ... good beaches near the cottage? d) Does the cottage have ... dinning room? e) There are ... trees in the garden. f) There's ... open fire in the living room. g) Upstairs there's ... bathroom. h) Are there ... books in the living room? i) Is there ... fridge in the kitchen? j) There's ... electric cooker. 2. Put some or any into each gap. 1. I haven't got... paper. 2. I'll buy ... paper when I go to the shops. 3. Is there ... petrol in the car? 4. Yes, I put ... in yesterday. 5. I bought... fruit, but they didn't have ... vegetables. 6. Do you have ... change? I need 50p. 7. I saw ... change on the table a minute ago. 8. I need ... help with my homework. Are you free? 9. I don't have ... time today. Sorry. 10. Did you have ... problems with this exercise? 3. Put some or any into the gaps. 1. I don't have ... money in my pocket, but I have ... money in the bank. 2. Are there ... letters for me this morning? 3. I never have ... breakfast. I'm not hungry in the morning. 4. You have ... lovely pictures in your house. 5. Are you Canadian? I have ... good friends in Canada. 6. Don't buy ... bread in the shops. There is a lot in the kitchen. 7. Do you have ... brothers or sisters? 8. There aren't ... shops in my village, just a post office and a pub. 9. I want ... cheese. Is there ... in the fridge? 10. ... people like flying, but other people don't. 11. There was ... rain during the night. 4. Complete the sentences with some, any and a word from the box: petrol food music shampoo stamps books people chairs photos Model: Would you like to listen to some music? I have a new CD. 1. People couldn't sit down at the party because there weren't.......2. I couldn't take......on holiday because the weather was so bad. 3. We couldn't buy......in the supermarket because our money was in the car. 4. I'd like to wash my hair, so I want.......5. I need to put......in the car. It's nearly empty. 6. Do you have......? I want to post this letters. 7. There were ...... very interesting...... at the party last night. 8.1 want......from the library. 5. Write a, some or any to complete these sentences. 1. I've got ... bananas and ... apple. 2. Did you bring ... bread? 3. I'd like ... water, please. 4. Sorry, I haven't got... matches. 5. I asked the water for ... tea. 6. I have ... information for you. 7. Didn't you bring ... money? 8. I sent her ... card from France. 9. Would you like ... coffee? 10. I want... bread and ... kilo of cheese, please. 11. I have ... bad news for you. 12. At twelve o'clock we had ... food? 13. I bought... books, but I didn't buy ... pen. 14. There aren't ... students here at the moment. 15. She didn't give me ... money. 6. Complete the sentences with some or any. 1. We didn't buy any flowers. 2. This evening I'm going out with ... friends of mine. 3. "Have you seen ... good films recently?" — "No, I haven't been to the cinema for ages". 4. I didn't have ... money, so I have to borrow .... 5. Can I have ... milk in my coffee, please? 6. I was too tired to do ... work. 7. You can cash these traveler's checks at... bank. 8. Can you give me ... information about places of interest in the town? 9. With a special tourist train ticket, you can travel on ... train you like. 10. If there are ... word's you don't understand, use a dictionary. 7. Complete these sentences with no, none or any. 1. It was a public holiday, so there were no shops open. 2. I haven't got any money. Can you lend me some? 3. I couldn't make an omelet because there were ... eggs. 4. I couldn't make an omelet because there weren't ... eggs. 5. "How many eggs have we got?" - "... I'll go and buy some from the shop if you like". 6. We took a few photographs but ... of them were very good. 7. What a stupid thing to do! ... intelligent person would do such a thing. 8. I'll try and answer ... of the questions they asked me. 9. I couldn't answer ... of the questions they asked me. 10. We cancelled the party because ... of the people we invited were able to come. Some, any, no and their derivatives some any no every somebody anybody nobody everybody someone anyone none everyone something anything nothing everything somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere The rules for these words are the same as for some and any. Positive Somebody phoned you last night. I'd like something to eat. They have a house somewhere in the south of France. Negative I didn't go anywhere last night. I didn't have anything to eat. He doesn't know anybody in London. Question Did you go anywhere in the weekend? Did you meet anybody in the party? Is there anything to eat in the house? These words are followed by a verb in the singular: Everybody likes Kate. Nobody wants more homework. Everything is ready. We use everybody, everyone, somebody and someone to talk about people. We use everything, something, and anything to talk about things. Practice 1- Put one of the words into each gap. 1. Is there ... on TV tonight? 2. I'm bored. I want to go ... tonight. 3. Does ... have change for a pound? I want to make a phone call. 4. Close your eyes! I have ... for you. 5. ... took my newspaper this morning. Who was it? 6. I looked for my newspaper, but I couldn't find it.... 7. Jane works ... in the center of the town. 8. A. Tom is on the phone for you. B. I don't know ... called Tom. 9. I don't understand ... about computers. 10. A. Where did you put my coat? B. ... in the kitchen. 11. There's ... at the door. Can you open it, please? 2. Put one of the words into each gap. a) A. Who's in the bathroom? В.....It's empty. b) A. Who would like an ice cream? В.....We all want one. c) A. Did you find your keys? B. No, I looked ... , but I couldn't find them. d) A. What did you buy at the shops? В.....I didn't have any money. e) Things in London are very expensive. ... is cheaper in my country. f) I'm sorry. ... told me it was your birthday today. Happy Birthday! g) A. Where did you go last night? В.....I stayed at home and watched TV. h) A. How much is it to get to the museum? В.....It's free. i) The fridge is empty. Justin ate .... j) Two and two is four. ... knows that. 3. Complete the sentences with some- or any- + -body/-thing/-where. 1. I was too surprised to say anything. 2. There's ... at the door. Can you go and see who it is? 3. Does ... mind if I open the window? 4. I wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat ... . 5. You must be hungry. Would you like ... to eat? 6. Quick, let's go! There's ... coming, and I don't want ... to see us. 7. Sally was upset about... and refused to talk to .... 8. This machine is very easy to use. ... can learn to use it in a very short time. 9. There was hardly ... on the beach. It was almost deserted. 10. "Do you live ... near Jim?" - "No, he lives in another part of town". 11. We slept in a park because we didn't have ... to stay. 12. "Where shall we go on holiday?" - "Let's go ... warm and sunny". 13. They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go... . 14. I'm going out now. If ... phones while I'm out, can you tell them that I'll be back at 11.30? 15. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost...? 16. ... who saw the accident should contact the police. 17. She is very secretive. She never tells........(two words) 4. Complete the sentences. Use any (+noun) or anybody/ anything/anywhere.
5. Answer these questions using none/nobody/nothing/nowhere. 1. What did you do? 1. Nothing. 2. Who were you talking to? 2..... 3. Where are you going? 3..... 4. How much luggage have you got? 4..... 5. How many children have they got? 5..... 6. Who did you meet? 6..... 7. What did you buy? 7..... Now write full sentences using any/anybody/anything/ anywhere. 8. (1) I didn't do anything. 9. (2) I.... 10. (3) .... 11. (4) .... 12. (5) .... 13. (6) .... 14. (7) .... 6. Complete these sentences with no- or any- + 'bodyf-thing/ -where. 1. I don't want anything to drink. I'm not thirsty. 2. The bus was completely empty. There was ... on it. 3. "Where did you go for your holidays?" — "... I stayed at home". 4. I went to the shops but I didn't buy .... 5. "What did you buy?" - "... I couldn't find ... I wanted". 6. The town was still the same when I returned years later. ... had changed. 7. Have you seen my watch? I've looked all over the house but I can't find it.... 8. There was complete silence in the room. ... said .... 7. Choose the right word. 1. She didn't tell nobody/anybody about her plans, (anybody is correct) 2. The accident looked serious but fortunately nobody/anybody was injured. 3. I looked out if the window but I couldn't see nobody/anybody. 4. My job is very easy. Nobody/anybody could do it. 5. "What's in that box?" - "Nothing/anything. It's empty". 6. The situation is uncertain nothing/anything could happen. 7. I don't know nothing/anything about economics. Much, many, little, few, a lot of, plenty • a few and many are used with plural and countable nouns: I've got a few friends. They haven't got many friends. • a little and much are used with uncountable nouns: Could I have a little water, please? We haven't got much time. a) plural countable: Positive
Negative and Question
NOTE that it is sometimes possible to use many in the positive: I've talked to them many times. b) uncountable: __ Positive
Negative and Question
Practice 1. Write few, little, much or many to complete these sentences. Do not use some, any or a lot of. 1. There is some food but not ... drink. 2. There's not... food in the cupboard. 3. She won't be a good teacher. She's got... patience. 4. I'm sorry, I haven't got... time. 5. The receptionist didn't give me ... information. 6. I've seen her ... times this year, but not very often. 7. We only have ... petrol left. 8. Not ... people come here in the winter. 9. Did they pay you ... money for working there? 10. There aren't... towns in this part of England. 11. I didn't drink ... wine at the party. 12. I didn't have ... opportunity to talk to him. 13. The journey was a short one: it didn't take ... time. 14. I don't think ... students will come tonight. 15. I haven't done ... work today. 16. I don't think I've made ... mistakes. 17. Did you take ... photographs when you were on holiday? 18. I'm not very busy today. I haven't got ... to do. 19. Most of the town is modern. There are ... old buildings. 20. The weather has been very dry recently. We've had ... rain. 2. Complete the sentences using much, many, or a lot of. Models: There are a lot of apples. He hasn't got much washing powder. 1. There ... oil. 2. The shop has ... bottles of water. 3. There ... frozen food. 4. There ... sweets. 5. The shopkeeper has got ... cheese. 6. I can see ... newspapers. 7. But I can't see .. bread. 8. There ... yogurt. 9. He hasn't got ... birthday cards to choose from. 10. But there ... grapes. 11. Why ... there ... magazines? 12. But there ... rice! 3. In some of these sentences much is incorrect or unnatural. Change much to many or a lot of where necessary. Put RIGHT if the sentence is correct. 1. We didn't spend much money. RIGHT. 2. Sue drinks much tea. A lot of tea. 3. Jim always puts much salt on his food. ... 4. We'll have to hurry. We haven't got much time. 5. Did it cost much to repair the car? ... 6. It cost much to repair the car. ... 7. I don't know much people in this town. ... 8. I use the phone much at work. ... 9. They've got so much money; they don't know what to do with it. ... 4. Complete the sentences using plenty (of) + one of the following: hotels money room time to learn things to see 1. There's no need to hurry. We've got plenty of time. 2. He's got no financial problems. He's got .... 3. Come and sit with us. There's .... 4. She knows a lot but she still has .... 5. It's an interesting town to visit. There .... 6. I'm sure we'll find somewhere to stay. ... 5. Put in a few, a little. 1. ... people arrived before the party started but not many. 2. I can lend you ... money until tomorrow. 3. I asked him to put ... milk in my coffee. 4. She started feeling ill only ... days before the exam. 5. There are only ... people at the beach. 6. The bank only lent me ... money. 7. Can I ask you ... a questions? 8. Only ... students have failed the exam. 9. I gave the cat... milk. 10. The museum was very crowded. There were too ... people. 6. Put in little/a little/few/afew. 1. Listen carefully. I'm going to give you ... advice. 2. Do you mind if I ask you ... questions? 3. This town is not a very interesting place to visit, so ... tourists come here. 4. I don't think Jill would be a good teacher. She's got ... patience. 5. "Would you like milk in your coffee?" - "Yes, please. ... 6. This is a very boring place to live. There's ... to do. 7. "Have you ever been to Paris?" — "Yes, I've been there ... times". all some any most much/many little few You can use the words in the box (and also no) with a noun (some food, few books). All cars have wheels. Some cars can go faster then others. Many people drive too fast. You cannot say "all of cars"; "most of people". You can use the words in the box (also none, half, all, a few) with of. You can say some of (the people), most of (my friends), none of (this money), all of (the flowers), some of (it), none of (them). We can use some of, most of, etc. + the/this/that/ these/those/ my/his/, etc. You can use all of, some of, none of, etc. + it/us/you/them. So, we say: Some of the people, some of those people (but - not some of people). Most of my friends, most of Ann's friends (but - not most of friends). Practice 7. Put in of where necessary. Leave an empty space (-) if the sentence is already complete. 1. All - cars have wheels. 2. None ... this money is mine. 3. Some ... people get angry very easily. 4. Some ... people I met at the party were very interesting. 5. I have lived in London most... my life. 6. Many ... people watch too much TV. 7. Are any ... letters for me? 8. Most... days I get up at 11 o'clock. 9. Jim thinks that all ... museums are boring. 2. Choose from the list and complete the sentences. Use of (some of/most of etc.) where necessary: car accidents, her friends, the people I invited, birds, my dinner, the houses, the population, these books, European countries, her opinions, my spare time 1. I haven't read many of these books. 2. All cars are unsafe. 3. I spend most... gardening. 4. It's a historic town. Many ... are over 400 years old. 5. Many ... are caused by bad driving. 6. When she got married she kept it a secret. She didn't tell any .... 7. Not many people live in the north of the country. Most ... live in the south. 8. Not all ... can fly. For example the penguin can't fly. 9. None ... to the party could come, so I cancelled it. 10. Julia and I have very different ideas. I don't agree with many .... 3. Complete these sentences using the words in brackets. Sometimes no other words are necessary. Sometimes you need the or of the. 1. I wasn't well yesterday. I spend most of the day in bed. (most/day) 2. Some cars can go faster then others, (some/cars) 3. ... drive too fast, (many/people) 4. ... you took on holiday were very good, (some/photographs) 5. ... learn more quickly than others, (some/people) 6. We've eaten ... we bought. There's very little left, (most/food) 7. Have you spent ... you borrowed? (all/money) 8. Peter can't stop talking. He talks .... (all/times) 9. We had a lazy holiday. We spent ... on the beach, (most/time) 10. George is easy to get on with. ... like him. (most/people) 11. The exam was difficult I could only answer .... (half/ questions) 4. Complete the sentences. Use all/some/none + of them/us (all of it/some of them, etc.) 1. These books are all Jane's. None of them belong to me. 2. "How many of these books have you read?" - "... Every one". 3. We all got wet in the rain because ... had an umbrella. 4. Some of this money is yours and ... is mine. 5. I asked some people for directions but ... were able to help me. 6. She made up the whole story from beginning to end. ... was true. 7. Not all the tourists in the group were Spanish. ... were French. 8. I watched most of the film but not .... Both/both of, neither/neither of, either/either of. We use both/neither/either for two things. You can use these words with a noun (both books, neither book, etc.). For example, you are talking about going out to eat this evening. There are two restaurants where you can go. You say: Both restaurants are very good, (not the both restaurants.) Neither restaurant is expensive. We can go to either restaurant. I don't mind, (either = one or the others, it doesn 't matter which one.) Both of... / neither of... / either of .... When you use both/neither/either/+ of, you always need the/these/those/my/your/his/Tom's ... , etc. You cannot say "both of restaurants". You have to say "both of the restaurants", "both of those restaurants" etc.: Both of these restaurants are very good. Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive. I haven't been in either of those restaurants. // is possible to say: Both my parents are from London or both of my parents. You can use both of/neither of/either of +us/you/them; (talking to two people) Can either of you speak English? I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them knew. After neither of... a singular or a plural verb is possible. Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed. You can also use both/neither/either alone. I couldn't decide which of the two shirts to buy. I liked both (or I liked both of them). "Do you want tea or coffee?" "Either. I don't mind". Practice /. Complete the sentences with both/neither/either. 1. "Do you want tea or coffee?" - "Either. I really don't mind". 2. "What day is it today - the 15th or the 19lh?" -".... It's the 20'"". 3. "There are two sandwiches here. Do you mind which I take?"-"No. Take...". 4. "Where did you go for your holidays-Scotland or Ireland?" - "We went to .... A week in Scotland and a week in Ireland". 5. "When shall I phone you, morning or afternoon?" - "... I'll be in all day". 6. "Where is Kate? Is she at work or at home?" - "... She is away on holiday". 2. Complete the sentences with both/neither/either. Use of where necessary. 1. Both (of) my parents are from London. 2. To get to the town center, you can go along the foot path by the river or you can go along the road. You can go ... away. 3. I tried twice to phone George but... times he was out. 4. ... Tom's parents are English. His father is Polish and his mother is Italian. 5. I saw an accident this morning. One car drove into the back of another. Fortunately ... driver was injured but ... cars were quite badly damaged. 6. I've got two sisters and a brother. My brother is working but... my sisters are still at school. 3. Complete the sentences with both/neither/either of us/them. 1. I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them could help me. 2. I was invited to two parties last week but I didn't go to .... 3. There were two windows in the room. It was very warm so I opened .... 4. Sarah and I played tennis together regularly but ... can play very well. 5. I tried two bookshops for the book I wanted but... had it. All, every and whole All and whole Whole - complete, entire. Most often we use whole with singular nouns. Did you read the whole book? (= all the book, not just a part of it.) She has lived her whole life in Scotland. We normally use the/my/her etc. before whole. Compare whole and all: The whole book/all the book. Her whole life/ all her life. You can also use a whole. Jack was so hungry, he ate a whole packet of biscuits. (- a complete packet) We do not normally use whole with uncountable nouns. We say: I've spent all money you gave me. (not "the whole money ") Every/all/whole with time words. We use every to say how often something happens. So we say every day/every Monday/every ten minutes etc. When we were on holiday, we went to the beach every day. = the complete day from the beginning to the end. We spent all day/the whole day on the beach. He was very quiet. He didn't say a word all evening/the whole evening. Compare all the time and every time: They never go out. They are at home all the time. (= always - not "every time ") Every time I see you, you look different. (= each time, on every occasion) Practice 1. Write sentences with whole. \. I read a book from the beginning to end. I read the whole book. 2. Everyone in the team played well. The .... 3. Paul opened the box of chocolates. When he finished eating there were no chocolates left in the box. He ate .... 4. The police came to the house. They were looking for something. They searched everywhere, every room They .... 5. Ann worked from early in the morning until late in the evening..... 6. Everyone in Dave and Judy's family plays tennis. Dave and Judy play and so do their children. The .... 7. Jack and Jill went on holiday to the seaside for a week. It rained from the beginning of the week to the end. It.... Now write the sentences 5 and 7 again using all instead of whole. 8. Ann.... 9..... 2. Complete the sentences using every with one of the following: five minutes ten minutes four hours six months four years 1. The bus service is very good. There is a bus every ten minutes. 2. Tom is ill. He has some medicine. He has to take it .... 3. The Olympic Games take place .... 4. We live near a busy airport. A plane flies over our house .... 5. It's a good idea to have a check-up with the dentist..... 7 Which is the correct alternative ? \. I've spent the whole money/all the money you gave me (all the money is correct). 2. She works every day/all days except Sunday. 3. I'm tired. I've been working hard a… Продолжение » |
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